Dry formulations, such as seed dressing, granules, and wettable powders, account for more than 80% of fungal biopesticide products. The formulation types of biopesticides are categorized into dry and liquid.

One of these is fungus-based biopesticides, which have a low possibility of resistance development, high specificity and biodegradability, and no health risks, and among several entomopathogenic fungi species, Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) has been intensively studied and commercialized in at least 25 countries 10, 11.

For these reasons, biocontrol methods that incorporate natural predators, parasites, and microbial pathogens of the target pest need to be developed. However, these chemicals have been limited in most developed countries due to environmental hazards, unhealthful residues, and threat to non-target species 7, 8, 9. To prevent the spread of PWD, it is essential to develop an effective method to control these insects.Ī variety of synthetic chemical pesticides, including acetamiprid, thiacloprid, buprofezin, metham sodium, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, and fenitrothion, have been proposed to control PWD. saltuarius Gebler (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in East Asia 4, 5, 6. The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Nickle (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) is the only known agent of PWD and is transmitted from infected pine trees to healthy ones by the insect vectors, Japanese pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and M. Since these symptoms were first reported in North America (USA and Canada), this disease has spread further to Asia (Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan), and, recently, Europe (Portugal and Spain) 3. Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a fatal conifer disease that decolorizes and browns needles and eventually leads to death, affecting several species of pine trees ( Pinus spp.) and resulting in serious environmental and economic losses worldwide 1, 2. These results imply that MAP under optimized conditions could enhance the shelf-life of fungus-based biopesticides in fungus-colonized substrates formulations. Cold storage for technical concentrates formulation promoted extension of shelf-life of MAP-treated conidia. MAP treatment in the high-barrier EVOH film under an atmosphere of 30% CO 2 + 70% N 2 achieved 80.5% viability of dried conidia (7.4% moisture content), with 44.2–64.9% viability recorded with the other treatments. Results revealed EVOH film as the best for the preservation of gases at all concentrations for 28 days. anisopliae-inoculated millet grains were treated in a MAP system with different packaging materials (polypropylene, PP polyethylene terephthalate, PET ethylene vinyl alcohol, EVOH), gas compositions (high CO 2 atmosphere, ≈ 90% high O 2 atmosphere, > 95% high N 2 atmosphere, > 95% 30% CO 2 + 70% N 2 50% CO 2 + 50% N 2 70% CO 2 + 30% N 2), and storage temperatures (4 and 25 ☌). The effects of various conditions on its stability were also examined. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to prolong the shelf-life of the M.

Metarhizium anisopliae is a promising alternative to chemical pesticides against pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

Life storage